National Defence Academy at khadakwasla is a Defence Training Institute which imparts basic training for all three Services of Indian Armed Forces – Army, Air Force and Navy. India Males (NDA is only for Males) who intend to join armed Forces can join NDA after 12th. To get into NDA, A three stage selection Procedure is followed, i.e. Written Exam, Service Selection Board Interview and Finally Medical examination. The selected candidates go through rigorous training for 3 years culminating in graduation with  BA/BSc or BCs (Computer Science) degree of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. The examination of the National Defence Academy is conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) New Delhi twice a year, (once in April and once in September) after which the selected candidates  are sent to National Defence Academy for training.

National Defence Academy Courses and Wings

Army Training Team: The specialized service training for Army Cadets is imparted by this Team. The senior Army Battalion Commander is also the Senior Instructor for the Army Training Team. The cadets are taught section level tactics and basic operations of war, like patrolling, ambush and map reading.

Naval Training Team: The specialized service training for Naval Cadets is imparted by this Team. The senior Naval Battalion Commander is the Senior Instructor for the Naval Training Team. All Naval cadets undergo practical training of sailing at Peacock Bay, which is fully equipped to train naval cadets on all the aspects of Boat handling, Wind Surfing, Rowing and other related areas.

Air Force Training Team: The specialized service training for Air Force Cadets is imparted by this Team. The senior Air Force Battalion Commander is the Senior Instructor for the Air Force Training Team. All Air Force cadets undergo practical training of gliding. AFTT is fully equipped to provide about 12 launches to each Air force cadet before he joins the Air Force Academy.

National Defence Academy Training

The selected candidates for the three services, viz., Army, navy and Air Force are given preliminary training both academic and physical for a period of 3 years at the National Defence Academy which is an Inter-Service Institution.

The training during for the first two and half years is common to the cadets of three wings. The cadets on passing out will be awarded B.Sc./B.A. degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi.

On passing out from the National Defence Academy, Army Cadets go to the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, Naval Cadets to the Cadets Training ship and Air Force cadets to AFA, HYDERABAD/BFTS, ALLAHABAD.

At the I.M.A. Army Cadets are known as Gentlemen Cadets and are given strenuous military training for a period of one year aimed at turning officer capable to leading infantry Sub-units. On successful completion of training Gentlemen Cadets are granted Permanent Commission in the rank of Lt. subject to being medically fit in “SHAPE” one.

The Naval cadets are selected for the Executive, Engineering and Electrical Branches of the Navy, on passing out from the National Defence Academy and are given sea training on the Cadet Trainingship for a period of six months on successful completion of which they are promoted to the rank of Midshipmen.

After a further training of 6 months in the respective branches to which they are allocated they are promoted to the rank of acting Lieutenants. Air Force Cadets receive flying training for a period of 1½ years.

However, at the end of 1 year of training they are given provisional commission in the rank of Flying Officer after successful completion of further training of six months they are absorbed as permanent commissioned officers on probation for a period of one year.

National Defence Academy Eligibility Criteria

Age: 16½ to 19 years.

Marital Status and Gender: Unmarried male candidates

Educational Qualification:

(i) For Army wing of National Defence Academy :- 12th Class pass of the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent examination conducted by a State Education Board or a University.

(ii) For Air Force and Naval Wings of National Defence Academy and for the 10+2 (Executive Branch) Course at the Naval Academy :- 12th Class pass of the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent with Physics and Mathematics conducted by a State Education Board or a University.

Candidates who are appearing in the 12th Class under the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent examination can also apply for this examination.

Nationality: A candidate must either be:

(i) a citizen of India, or
(ii) a subject of Bhutan, or
(iii) a subject of Nepal, or
(iv) a Tibetan refugee who came over to India before the 1st January, 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India, or
(v) a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, the East African countries of Kenya, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika and Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia and Vietnam with the intention of permanently setting in India).

Provided that a candidate belonging to categories (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) above shall be a person in whose favour a certificate of eligibility has been issued by the Government of India. However, the certificate of eligibility will not be necessary in the case of Gorkha subjects of Nepal.

The examination of the National Defence Academy is conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) New Delhi twice a year (once in april and once in september), after which the selected candidates  are sent to National Defence Academy for training.

National Defence Academy Courses and Wings

Army Training Team: The specialized service training for Army Cadets is imparted by this Team. The senior Army Battalion Commander is also the Senior Instructor for the Army Training Team. The cadets are taught section level tactics and basic operations of war, like patrolling, ambush and map reading.

Naval Training Team: The specialized service training for Naval Cadets is imparted by this Team. The senior Naval Battalion Commander is the Senior Instructor for the Naval Training Team. All Naval cadets undergo practical training of sailing at Peacock Bay, which is fully equipped to train naval cadets on all the aspects of Boat handling, Wind Surfing, Rowing and other related areas.

Air Force Training Team: The specialized service training for Air Force Cadets is imparted by this Team. The senior Air Force Battalion Commander is the Senior Instructor for the Air Force Training Team. All Air Force cadets undergo practical training of gliding. AFTT is fully equipped to provide about 12 launches to each Air force cadet before he joins the Air Force Academy.

National Defence Academy Training

The selected candidates for the three services, viz., Army, navy and Air Force are given preliminary training both academic and physical for a period of 3 years at the National Defence Academy which is an Inter-Service Institution.

The training during for the first two and half years is common to the cadets of three wings. The cadets on passing out will be awarded B.Sc./B.A. degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi.

On passing out from the National Defence Academy, Army Cadets go to the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, Naval Cadets to the Cadets Training ship and Air Force cadets to AFA, HYDERABAD/BFTS, ALLAHABAD.

At the I.M.A. Army Cadets are known as Gentlemen Cadets and are given strenuous military training for a period of one year aimed at turning officer capable to leading infantry Sub-units. On successful completion of training Gentlemen Cadets are granted Permanent Commission in the rank of Lt. subject to being medically fit in “SHAPE” one.

The Naval cadets are selected for the Executive, Engineering and Electrical Branches of the Navy, on passing out from the National Defence Academy and are given sea training on the Cadet Trainingship for a period of six months on successful completion of which they are promoted to the rank of Midshipmen.

After a further training of 6 months in the respective branches to which they are allocated they are promoted to the rank of acting Lieutenants. Air Force Cadets receive flying training for a period of 1½ years.

However, at the end of 1 year of training they are given provisional commission in the rank of Flying Officer after successful completion of further training of six months they are absorbed as permanent commissioned officers on probation for a period of one year.

National Defence Academy Eligibility Criteria

Age: 16½ to 19 years.

Marital Status and Gender: Unmarried male candidates

Educational Qualification:

(i) For Army wing of National Defence Academy :- 12th Class pass of the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent examination conducted by a State Education Board or a University.

(ii) For Air Force and Naval Wings of National Defence Academy and for the 10+2 (Executive Branch) Course at the Naval Academy :- 12th Class pass of the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent with Physics and Mathematics conducted by a State Education Board or a University.

Candidates who are appearing in the 12th Class under the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent examination can also apply for this examination.

Nationality: A candidate must either be:

(i) a citizen of India, or
(ii) a subject of Bhutan, or
(iii) a subject of Nepal, or
(iv) a Tibetan refugee who came over to India before the 1st January, 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India, or
(v) a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, the East African countries of Kenya, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika and Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia and Vietnam with the intention of permanently setting in India).

Provided that a candidate belonging to categories (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) above shall be a person in whose favour a certificate of eligibility has been issued by the Government of India. However, the certificate of eligibility will not be necessary in the case of Gorkha subjects of Nepal.

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Physical Eligibility

There are certain requirements pertaining to the physical fitness or features that must be fulfilled by the candidate at the time of submitting NDA Application forms. The eligibility would vary slightly according to the post for which candidate is applying.

The required physical criteria are listed below.

Undesirable health issues

The candidate must not be suffering from any of these minor conditions at the time of medical examination –

• Wax (Ears)
• Deviated Nasal Septum
• Hydrocele / Phimosis
• Condition of Overweight / Underweight
• Under Sized Chest
• Piles
• Tonsillitis
• Gynaecomastia
• Varicocele

Case of Body Tattoos

1. The candidate must ensure that any permanent body tattoos are present only on their inner side of forearm. Under no circumstances will UPSC accept tattoos on the inside of elbow to the wrist and on the reverse side of palm / back (dorsal) side of hand. Permanent body tattoos on any other part of the body are also not acceptable.
2. In case the candidate happens to belong to a tribe where it is customary to have tattoo marks on the face or body, acceptance will be granted on a case to case basis, considering the traditions involved. The decision of authorities would be final in such instances.

Height and Weight Requirements

1. Army and Air Force

Candidates must note that the minimum height measurement specified is 157 cms (162.5 cms for Air Force). There are exceptions for certain candidates based on the region they hail from. The details in this regard are discussed below.

Height (in cms)	Weight (in Kgs)
	16-17 years	17-18 years	18-19 years
152	42.5	44.0	45.0
155	43.5	45.3	47.0
157	45.0	47.0	48.0
160	46.0	48.0	49.0
162	48.0	50.0	51.0
165	50.0	52.0	53.0
167	51.0	53.0	54.0
170	52.5	55.0	56.0
173	54.5	57.0	58.0
175	56.0	59.0	60.0
178	58.0	61.0	62.0
180	60.0	63.0	64.5
183	62.5	65.0	66.5

For Gorkhas and those belonging to hills of North-Eastern areas of India, Garhwal and Kumaon, the minimum height will be 5 cms less than the usual figure. On the other hand, for candidates belonging to Lakshadweep islands, the minimum height standard may be reduced by 2 cms.

2. Navy

The standards are different for Navy posts and the particulars are summarised below:

Height (in cms)	Weight (in Kgs)
	16 years	18 years	20 years
152	44	45	46
155	45	46	47
157	46	47	49
160	47	48	50
162	48	50	52
165	50	52	53
167	52	53	55
170	53	55	57
173	55	57	59
175	57	59	61
178	59	61	62
180	61	63	64
183	63	65	67

In case the candidate wishes to be pilot in the Air Force, the following requirements will have to be kept in mind, due to constraints of the flying vehicle:

• Leg Length: Minimum of 99 cms and Maximum of 120 cms
• Thigh Length : Minimum is not applicable while Maximum of 64 cms
• Sitting Height : Minimum of 81.50 cms and Maximum of 96 cms

Spinal Conditions

Presence of any of these conditions will disqualify the candidate immediately:

• Granulomatous disease of spine
• Arthritis / spondylosis (Rheumatoid arthritis and allied disorders / Ankylosing spondylitis / Osteoarthrosis, spondylosis and degenerative joint disease / Non articular rheumatism (e.g. lesions of the rotator cuff, tennis elbow, recurrent lumbago etc.) & Miscellaneous disorders including SLE, polymyositis, vasculitis.
• Spondylolisthesis / spondylolysis.
• Compression fracture of vertebrae.
• SC Heuerman’s disease (Adolescent kyphosis)
• Loss of cervical lordosis when associated with clinically restricted movements of cervical spine.
• Unilateral / Bilateral cervical ribs with demon stable neurological or circulatory deficit.
• Scoliosis more than 15 degree as measured by Cobb’s method.
• Degenerative Disc. Disease.
• Presence of Schmorl’s nodes at more than one level.
• Atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial anomalies.
• Hemi vertebrae and/or incomplete block (fused) vertebrae at any level in cervical, dorsal or lumbar spine and complete block (fused) vertebrae at more than one level in cervical or dorsal spine.
• Unilateral Sacralisation or lumbarisation (Complete or incomplete) at all levels and bilateral incomplete sacralisation or lumbarisation.
• Any other abnormality if so considered by the specialist.

X-Ray Exam

There will be a separate presence of any of the following conditions will disqualify the applicant for posts of Armed Forces:

• Granulomatous disease of spine.
• Arthritis / spondylosis      
• Scoliosis more than 15 degree as measured by Cobb’s Method (10 degree for Army and Navy).
• More than mild Kyphosis/Lordosis
• Spondylolisthesis / Spondylosis / Spondylolysis
• Herniated nucleus pulposes.
• Compression fracture of Vertebra.
• Sacralisation Disease
• Cervical ribs with demonstrable neurological or Circulatory deficit.
• Presence of Schmorl’s node at more than one level.
• Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial anomalies.
• Incomplete Sacralisation Unilateral or Bilateral
• Spina Bifida other than SV 1 and LV 5 if completely Sacralised
• Any other abnormality, if so considered by specialist

Visual Standards

The distance vision (corrected) of the candidate should be 6/6 in the better eye and 6/9 in the worse eye. Myopia should not be more than 2.5 D and hyper metropia not more than 3.5 D, including Astigmatism.

It must be remembered that an internal examination of the eye will be done by means of an ophthalmoscope to rule out any possibility of eye diseases. Candidate must possess good binocular vision. The colour vision standard for Army is (CP-III).

The ability to recognize red and green colours is vital. Certificate that neither the candidate nor any member of his family has suffered from congenital night blindness, will have to be produced.

Another noteworthy point is that candidates who have undergone Radial Keratotomy, to improve their visual acuity, or Laser Surgery, will be permanently rejected for all Services. The details of eyesight levels for different posts are provided below:

Condition	Naval	Air Force
Uncorrected without glass	6/6	6/6, 6/9
Corrected with glass	6/6	6/6 (only for Hypermetropia)
Limits of Myopia	-0.75	Nil
Limits of Hypermetropia	+1.5	+2.00 D Sph
Limits of Colour Perception	I	Nil
Binocular Vision	III	Nil
Manifest Myopia	N.A.	Nil Re
Tinoscopic Myopia	N.A.	0.5
Colour Vision	N.A.	CP-I (MLT)
Astigmatism	N.A.	+0.75 Cyl (within + 2.0 D.Max)
Near Vision	N.A.	N-5 each eye

Other miscellaneous conditions

There are few other physical conditions besides the above mentioned criteria that candidates should fulfil. These criteria are specific to specific wings of defence forces.

1. No symptoms of weak constitution or bodily defects.
2. A well-developed chest; fully expanded chest should not be less than 81cms. The minimum range of expansion after full inspiration should be 5 cms.
3. No mal-development or impairment of function of the bones or joint.
4. No past history of mental breakdown or fits.
5. Normal hearing capabilities - Candidate should be able to hear a forced whisper with each ear at a distance of 610 cms. in a quiet room.
6. No impediment of speech.
7. Normal Blood Pressure with no signs of functional or organic disease of the heart and blood vessels.
8. No enlargement of liver or spleen.
9. No abnormality in urine examination
10. No presence of any kind of skin disease, likely to cause disability or disfigurement
11. No abnormalities in USG abdomen examination
12. Sufficient number of natural and sound teeth. A minimum of 14 dental points will be accepted.
13. Routine ECG for Air Force candidates must fall within normal limits.

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NDA Exam Pattern

NDA 2019 Exam will be organized two times in a year through offline mode (written test). NDA (I) will be held on 21st April 2019 & NDA (II) will be held on 17th November 2019. Here we have mentioned the detailed exam pattern of NDA exam:

• Exam Mode: The exam will be conducted through offline mode.
• Answer Mode: Candidates must use black ball point pen to mark their answers.
• Exam Duration: The duration of the examination will be 2 hours 30 minutes.
• Type of Question: The question paper will be objective type questions.
• Paper: The NDA exam consists of 2 papers i.e. Mathematics and General Ability.
• Total Marks: The Mathematics paper contains 300 marks while General Ability test holds 600 marks. The written test will be of total 900 marks.
• Negative Marking: For every incorrect response, their will be negative marking in the examination. For maths 0.83 marks, for English, 1.33 and for GK 1.33 marks will be deducted.
• SSB Interview: After clearing the written test, candidates have to go through the SSB Interview. The interview process will have total 900 marks.
• Language: The question paper of Mathematics and PART B of General Ability test will be available in both English and Hindi languages.

Subjects	Marks
Mathematics	300
General Ability Test (Section-1: English)	200
General Ability Test (Section-1: General Knowledge)	400
Total Marks	900
SSB Interview	900
Grand Total	1800

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Syllabus:

MATHEMATICS (Maximum marks - 300)

1. Algebra
Concept of a set, operations on sets, Venn diagrams. De Morgan laws. Cartesian product, relation, equivalence relation.

Representation of real numbers on a line. Complex numbers - basic properties, modulus, argument, cube roots of unity. Binary system of numbers. Conversion of a number in decimal system to binary system and vice-versa. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic progressions. Quadratic equations with real coefficients. Solution of linear inequations of two variables by graphs. Permutation and Combination. Binomial theorem and its application. Logarithms and their applications.

2.Matrices and Determinants

Types of matrices, operations on matrices Determinant of a matrix, basic properties of determinant. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix, Applications - Solution of a system of linear equations in two or three unknowns by Cramers rule and by Matrix Method.

3.Trigonometry

Angles and their measures in degrees and in radians. Trigonometrical ratios. Trigonometric identities Sum and difference formulae. Multiple and Sub-multiple angles. Inverse trigonometric functions. Applications - Height and distance, properties of triangles.

4. Analytical Geometry of two and three dimensions

Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate system. Distance formula. Equation of a line in various forms. Angle between two lines. Distance of a point from a line. Equation of a circle in standard and in general form. Standard forms of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Eccentricity and axis of a conic.

Point in a three dimensional space, distance between two points. Direction Cosines and direction ratios. Equation of a plane and a line in various forms. Angle between two lines and angle between two planes. Equation of a sphere.

5.Differential Calculus

Concept of a real valued function - domain, range and graph of a function. Composite functions, one to one, onto and inverse functions. Notion of limit, Standard limits - examples. Continuity of functions - examples, algebraic operations on continuous functions. Derivative of a function at a point, geometrical and physical interpreatation of a derivative - applications. Derivatives of sum, product and quotient of functions, derivative of a function with respect of another function, derivative of a composite function. Second order derivatives. Increasing and decreasing functions. Application of derivatives in problems of maxima and minima.

6.Integral Calculus and Differential equations

Integration as inverse of differentiation, integration by substitution and by parts, standard integrals involving algebraic expressions, trigonometric, exponential and hyperbolic functions. Evaluation of definite integrals - determination of areas of plane regions bounded by curves - applications.
Definition of order and degree of a differential equation, formation of a differential equation by examples. General and particular solution of a differential equation, solution of first order and first degree differential equations of various types - examples. Application in problems of growth and decay.

7. Vector Algebra

Vectors in two and three dimensions, magnitude and direction of a vector. Unit and null vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication of vector, scalar product or dot product of two-vectors. Vector product and cross product of two vectors. Applications-work done by a force and moment of a force, and in geometrical problems.

8.Statistics and Probability

Statistics Classification of data, Frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution - examples Graphical representation - Histogram, Pie Chart, Frequency Polygon - examples. Measures of Central tendency - mean, median and mode. Variance and standard deviation - determination and comparison. Correlation and regression.

Probability  Random experiment, outcomes and associated sample space, events, mutually exclusive and exhaustive events, impossible and certain events. Union and Intersection of events. Complementary, elementary and composite events. Definition of probability - classical and statistical - examples. Elementary theorems on probability - simple problems. Conditional probability, Bayes theorem - simple problems. Random variable as function on a sample space. Binomial distribution, examples of random experiments giving rise to Binominal distribution.

Paper II   GENERAL ABILITY TEST (Maximum marks - 600)

Part A - ENGLISH  (Maximum marks - 200)

The question paper in English will be designed to test the candidates understanding of English and workman like use of words. The syllabus covers various aspects like Grammar and usage, vocabulary, comprehension and cohesion in extended text to test the candidates proficiency in English.

Part B - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (Maximum marks - 400)


The question paper on General Knowledge will broadly cover the subjects  Physics, Chemistry, General Science, Social Studies, Geography and Current Events.

The syllabus given below is designed to indicate the scope of these subjects included in this paper. The topics mentioned are not to be regarded as exhaustive and questions on topics of similar nature not specifically mentioned in the syllabus may also be asked. Candidates answers are expected to show their knowledge and intelligent understanding of the subject.   

Section A (Physics)

Physical Properties and States of Matter, Mass, Weight, Volume, Density and Specific Gravity, Principle of Archimedes, Pressure Barometer.

Motion of objects, Velocity and Acceleration, Newtons Laws of Motion, Force and Momentum, Parallelogram of Forces, Stability and Equilibrium of bodies, Gravitation, elementary ideas of work, Power and Energy.

Effects of Heat, Measurement of temperature and heat, change of State and Latent Heat, Modes of transference of Heat.

Sound waves and their properties, Simple musical instruments.

Rectilinear propagation of Light, Reflection and refraction. Spherical mirrors and Lenses. Human Eye.

Natural and Artificial Magnets, Properties of a Magnet, Earth as a Magnet.

Static and Current Electricity, conductors and Non-conductors, Ohms Law, Simple Electrical Circuits, Heating, Lighting and Magnetic effects of Current, Measurement of Electrical Power, Primary and Secondary Cells, Use of X-Rays.

General Principles in the working of the following

Simple Pendulum, Simple Pulleys, Siphon, Levers, Balloon, Pumps, Hydrometer, Pressure Cooker, Thermos Flask, Gramophone, Telegraphs, Telephone, Periscope, Telescope, Microscope, Mariners Compass; Lightening Conductors, Safety Fuses.

Section B (Chemistry)

Physical and Chemical changes. Elements, Mixtures and Compounds, Symbols, Formulae and simple Chemical Equations, Law of Chemical Combination (excluding problems). Properties of Air and Water.

Preparation and Properties of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbondioxide, Oxidation and Reduction.

Acids, bases and salts.

Carbon - different forms.

Fertilizers - Natural and Artificial

Material used in the preparation of substances like soap, Glass, Ink, Paper, Cement, Paints, Safety Matches, and Gun-Powder.

Elementary ideas about the Structure of Atom, Atomic, Equivalent and Molecular Weights, Valency.

Section C (General Science)

Difference between the living and non- living.

Basis of Life - Cells, Protoplasms and Tissues.

Growth and Reproduction in Plants and Animals.

Elementary knowledge of human Body and its important organs.

Common Epidemics, their causes and prevention.

Food - Source of Energy for man. Constituents of food, Balanced Diet.

The Solar System - Meteors and Comets, Eclipses.

Achievements of Eminent Scientists.

Section D (History, Freedom Movement etc.)

A broad survey of Indian History, with emphasis on Culture and Civilisation.

Freedom Movement in India.

Elementary study of Indian Constitution and Administration.

Elementary knowledge of Five Year Plans of India.

Panchayati Raj, Co-operatives and Community Development.

Bhoodan, Sarvodaya, National Integration and Welfare State, Basic Teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.

Forces shaping the modern world; Renaissance, Exploration and Discovery; War of American Independence. French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and Russian Revolution. Impact of Science and Technology on Society. Concept of one World, United Nations, Panchsheel, Democracy. Socialism and Communism. Role of India in the present world.

Section E (Geography)

The Earth, its shape and size. Lattitudes and Longitudes, Concept of time. International Date Line. Movements of Earth and their effects.

Origin of Earth. Rocks and their classification; Weathering - Mechanical and Chemical, Earthquakes and volcanoes.

Ocean Currents and Tides

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Defence Positions

Army	Airforce	Navy
Lieutenant	Flying Officer	Sub-Lieutenant
Captain	Flight Lieutenant	Lieutenant
Major	Squadron Leader	Lieutenant Commander
Lieutenant colonel	Wing Commander	Commander
Colonel	Group Captain	Captain
Brigadier	Air Commodore	Commodore
Major General	Air Vice - Marshal	Rear Admiral
Lieutenant General	Air Marshal	Vice-Admiral
General	Air Chief-Marshal	Admiral